HOW DOES OUR FAITH IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE AFFECT OUR GAINING NEW Essay

HOW DOES OUR FAITH IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE AFFECT OUR GAINING NEW KNOWLEDGE - Essay Example As a result, there have been conflicts as to the reliability of science or religion as sources of knowledge, which in turn affects people’s acquisition of new knowledge. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to show how faith in science and religion affect people’s acquisition of new knowledge. Knowledge can be pursued through religion or science, though they both use different methodologies. As stated earlier, research has revealed that conflicts exist between science and religion. Moreover, owing to controversial scientific discoveries, religion and science have been increasingly drifting apart. Science and religion differ because; while scientific knowledge is gained through empiricism and reason, religious knowledge is based on faith and divine revelation. In view of this, people with strong religious beliefs may not easily accept new knowledge that is not based on faith or divine revelation. On the other hand, people with strong scientific beliefs may reject ne w knowledge that is not based on reason or empiricism. The differences in perspectives between science and religion have further been facilitated by the fact that while science is constantly changing, religion tends to be static most of the times. Religious doctrines rarely change, thus people who have faith in religion may have this mentality when it comes to the acquisition of new knowledge. Such people are usually hesitant to embrace new changes or developments in the society. Moreover, any teachings that deviate from their religious beliefs are rejected, regardless of how helpful they might be. This absence of tolerance could hinder such people from acquiring new knowledge, since they are severely restricted by religion. Science on the other hand is more flexible, thus individuals with faith in science are open to new ideas. They also tend to be tolerant about other people’s opinions, since their perceptions are not restricted by any religious doctrine. As a result, it is easier for people who have faith in science to gain new knowledge, since such knowledge is considered a stepping stone to future discoveries. The inflexibility of religion has been demonstrated in various ways, showing that it indeed hinders people from acquiring new knowledge. The religious stand on the issue of HIV/AIDS is a good illustration that faith in religion affects how people respond to new knowledge. Owing to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, scientists have recommended the use of condoms as one method of minimizing spread of the disease, which has no cure. However, the church, which is a religious institution, has strongly opposed use of condoms. The Catholic Church strongly opposes the use of condoms, yet scientists have proved that condoms are effective in curbing the spread of the disease. Faith in religion that condoms are not acceptable by the Roman Catholic Church has affected efforts by health professionals to teach people that using condoms reduces the chances of cont racting the disease. Roman Catholics cannot accept the use of condoms under any circumstances, while at the same time they do not have a better solution to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Although this new knowledge could actually save their lives, it is rejected on the basis of faith in religion. In this case, it is apparent that while scientific claims are backed up by proven facts, the refusal of condom use by the church is only based on faith rather

Inequalities and Incentives in the Nigerian Education System Literature review

Inequalities and Incentives in the Nigerian Education System - Literature review Example From the report it is clear that education promotes equality of opportunity, citizenship, social inclusion and economic development. For this reasons, education equality should be encouraged. Several variables are attributed to the outcomes of unequal educational. Such variables include origin of the family, gender, social class, and earnings, achievements made in life, health status and political participation. An education incentive refers to a program or formal scheme used to promote and encourage teachers and students to produce better results and the best out of education. An incentive program aims at giving or producing better and the best results out of something. Implementation of good education incentive program improves the learning performance and tries to eradicate education inequalities.This research declares that  in third world countries, research methodology is based on the differentiation of initial idea to get to a strong hypothesis and this technique is being use d from decades, although, research in such countries exclusively lack empirical analysis of the basic idea due to lack of practical resources.  Research methodology being followed in developing and developed nations have independent research protocols which mainly include educational infrastructure of a country, employee-employer relationship based on educational standards and least differentiated class structures.

Impact of federalist on U.S. constitution Essay Example for Free

Impact of federalist on U.S. constitution Essay The Federalist was at first published in New York newspapers with the precise intention of convincing the huge Anti-federalist population of New York to vote in support of the Constitution. Federalist’s thoughts were extensively used by federalists in other states as well. James Madison used this particular document to influence the solid Anti-federalist alliance in Virginia to support the ratification of the constitution. Eventually both states, Virginia and New York approved he constitution, but neither of these states were among the first 9 states who voted in favor, nevertheless the Constitution did go into effect without them sanctioning the proposed Constitution. On the other hand, the publication and collection of the essays into 2 separate volumes offered United States its very own exclusive and distinctive political philosophy. Keeping in mind that the Constitution was legitimately ratified by 9 of the 13 states, the number of votes needed, without the votes of New York and Virginia, it will not be wrong to make an assumption that the Constitution would have been ratified even without The Federalist.. The main significance of The Federalist in the 1788 events was like a sort of debaters handbook in Virginia and New York. Prints of the collected version were hurried to Richmond as to Hamiltons guidance and used positively by supporters of the Constitution in the climactic dispute over ratification. Therefore The Federalist’s recognition was obtained not from the proceedings of a single influential year, but rather from the entire pattern of American history. The Federalist looks like four books in one with an elucidation of the good things of federal government; a condemnation of the Articles of Confederation because of their failure to provide successful government, or to offer a lot in the way of government; an analysis and justification of the new Constitution as a mechanism of providing federalism and constitutionalism; and, illuminating these more realistic topics with an unexpected upsurge of intelligence, an exhibition of specific undergoing truths that give knowledge of both the threats and the satisfaction of free government. The Federalist is nearest to being an innovative piece of work for providing details about the federal form of government. The Federalist is worthy of receiving acknowledgment for the simplicity with which it maintains that â€Å"both levels of government in a federal system must exercise direct authority over individuals, that the central government must enjoy unquestioned supremacy in its assigned fields, and that federalism is to be cherished not alone for its contributions to peace within the land and security without, but for the firm foundation it provides for the enjoyment of individual freedom over a wide expanse of territory. † It could be said easily that The Federalist transformed federalism from a mere system into an article of faith, from a sporadic accident of history into a permanent illustration of the principles of constitutionalism. The pages, which reveal the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, today make an uninteresting portion for reading. However in 1787-88, the same pages made fascinating reading material and countless allies of the new Constitution respected The Federalist mainly because of its pitiless condemnation of the palpable defects of the subsisting Confederation. While indictment was something that had to be completed with force one cannot envy Publius for the joys he might have experienced in ‘beating a horse that may look dead to us but was very much alive to him. ’ And still in the some parts of Federalist numbers 15 to 22 there are concrete annotations on one of the key argument of The Federalist: the dreadful circumstance of a weak government in a disordered society. â€Å"Today, as all through the history of American constitutional development, a particular interpretation of some clause in that document can be given a special flavor of authenticity by a quotation from Publius. If he was understandably wrong in his interpretation of some details in the Constitution for example, in assigning the Senate a share in the power of removal and in giving a purely military cast to the Presidents authority as commander in-chief he was remarkably right about many more. Publius the constitutional lawyer, in the bold person of Hamilton, reached the peak of intellectual power and of historical influence in the breathtaking assertion of judicial review in number 78. †

The availability of International Business opportunities in Uzbekistan

The availability of International Business opportunities in Uzbekistan International trade is exchange of goods, services and capital across the borders of different nations. No country in the world has all the natural resources present in sufficient quantity to sustain continuous development. So the countries trade with each other by exporting those goods or products which they have in abundance while importing those which they are deficient in. International trade tends to be generally more costlier than domestic as most countries imposes additional tariffs or duties on the goods travelling through their borders. International trade between two countries comprises both the trade between 2 companies present in different country and trade between the government of a country and the business firm present in other country. The main objective of this audit is to analyze the availability of International Business opportunities present in the Uzbekistan. The report starts with examining the countrys attitude to international trade. Then a brief analysis of the countrys Cultural, Political and Economic Environments is done. After that the countrys business environment is analysed using some of the proposed theories of international trade and also Porters diamond model of national competitiveness. Finally recommendations based on the above analysis are offered. An Overview of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan or Republic of Uzbekistan (Ozbekiston Respublikasi) is a country which is part of Central Asia having largest population within the region. Uzbekistan became an independent state on September 1, 1991, from former Soviet Union. Uzbekistan elected Islom Karimov as its president who continues his office till date. Uzbekistan is a land locked country surrounded by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan Essential Facts: Government Republic; Authoritarian Presidential Rule Capital Tashkent Geographic Area 447,400 sq km Population 27,865,738 Literacy Rate 99.3% Labour Division Agriculture: 44%, Industry: 20%, Services: 36% Budget Revenue: 10.54 Billion, Expenditure: 10.48 Billion (2009 estimates) GDP (GDP Growth) $77.55 Billion (6.7%) GDP Per Capita $2,800 Inflation 14.1% Industries Textiles, Food Processing, Machine Building, Metallurgy, Gold, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Chemicals Source: CIA World Fact Book (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html) Uzbekistan attitude to International Trade Uzbekistan joined United Nations in 1992 as fully fledged member and cooperates with 8 UN agencies including The World Bank which supports Uzbekistan in its national reform efforts (United Nations, n.d.). Currently Uzbekistan has foreign diplomatic relations with about 124 countries of the world (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.). Uzbekistan has membership in numerous, more than 33, International Organizations including Asian Development Bank (ADB), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), International Finance Corporation, International Monetary Fund, Islamic Development Bank, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and World Trade Organization (observer status) (Library of Congress, 2007). The main purpose of these organizations is to promote and facilitate international trade among various countries. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries are the biggest trade partners of Uzbekistan. Russian secures first place as foreign trade partner of Uzbekistan. Other countries like Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan etc. are also heavy trade partners. Uzbekistan has very active trade relations with European Union. Bilateral trade between Germany and Uzbekistan amounted to 470 million USD in 2008. France, UK and Spain are other major trade partners (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.). Figure 1: Major Trade Partners of Uzbekistan (2009) Source: http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_6613529.pdf Business Environment of Uzbekistan Culture of Uzbekistan Figure 2: Ethnic Group Composition Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html Figure 3: Major Religions Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html Figure 4: Spoken Languages Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html Uzbekistan since ancient time was the home of Arab Muslims and Turks. And then in Mid-Nineteenth century, Russia seeing the regions potential captured Uzbekistan. That is why there are traces of Russian language and ethnicity can be found in the country dominated by Uzbeks. Islam being the major religion (about 88%) the culture of country is bit conservative. For both Men and Women conservative business suits are expected, casual clothes like jeans, t-shirts etc are considered inappropriate. While greeting someone it is common for handshake between same sexes but simple hello is done between opposite sex. During a meeting it is important to go and speak to the most important person in the room first. These local customs must be observed in order to forge good business relationship in the country (Culture Crossings, n.d.). Political Civil Environment of Uzbekistan When Soviet Union broke in 1991, Uzbekistan gained its independence and appointed Islom Karimov as the Presidential head (Angus Reid Public Opinion, 2008). Since then Karimov have led an autocratic rule by extending his term of office in 2000 and 2007 in a series of democratic election that has come into fierce criticism from the international community (Harding, 2007). Next elections are scheduled to be held in 2014. In almost all international political and civil parameters Uzbekistan has shown downward trends indicating its worsening of the situation overtime. Figure 5: Uzbekistan Political Indicators. Source: Author Uzbekistan also has extremely high level of corruption. According to recent Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Uzbekistan ranks among the bottom of the 180 countries at rank 174. It has extremely poor confidence range of 1.5 1.8 (Transperency International, 2009). Figure 6: CPI Index 2009 Source: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 Due to this firms frequently have to pay informal payments (bribes) to government to get the things done. About 67% percent of the firms are expected to make these payments to get things done (Enterprise Surveys, 2009). Figure 7: Informal Payments Statistics Source: http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/CountryNotes/Uzbekistan_09.pdf Economic Structure of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan when it got freedom had relatively slow economic growth rate for first 12 years. Uzbekistan GDP, between 1994 to 2003, grew at average rate of 3.9% per year. But from 2005 onwards the country witnessed average growth of 8.2% (Asian Development Bank, 2010). Although the official data is doubtful as it probably overstates the level of economic growth. The U.S. Department of State Background Note for Uzbekistan states that many observers believe that employment growth and real wage growth have been stagnant (U.S. Department of State Background Notes, 2009). The poverty is quite prevalent in the country with 76.7% of population living below $2 a day (United Nations Development Programme, 2009). Although government is taking some positive steps to ramp up the economy. Policies like Anti-Crisis Program for 2009-2012 that government adopted in 2008 to combat the global recession had quite beneficial impact on Uzbekistan economy. Part of the policy was to promote foreign investment, for which government established free industrial economic zones in 2008, which provided foreign investors with tax and custom preferential facilities. Due to this government was able to tie up with 37 foreign investors for $500 million investment. This resulted in huge increase of 80% in foreign investment in 2009. Uzbekistan also observed very high import growth rate of 25.8% in 2009, mainly in infrastructure development, indicates governments acceptance to allow foreign investment in the country (Asian Development Bank, 2010). Figure 8: Uzbekistan Import/Export Indicators Source: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2010/UZB.pdf Petroleum, Gold, Natural Gas and Cotton are the main 4 exports products of the Uzbekistan. According to the IMF estimations, energy products (Petroleum and Natural Gas) comprised about 26.3% of total exports in 2008 followed by gold at 15.7% and cotton at 13.1% (International Monetary Fund, 2008). International Trade of Uzbekistan International Trade Theory Framework is all about analysing from a countrys perspective about with whom they should trade and what products to trade. According to Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2010), there are five theories which try to explain a countrys advantage in International Trade. Figure 9: Theories of International Trade The advantage in international trade of Uzbekistan will be explained using two theories Natural Advantage and Factor Proportion Theory. Natural Advantage in case of Uzbekistan According to this theory a country produces those goods in which it has some natural advantage by way of its climate, people, resources etc. Uzbekistan has substantial advantage over most of the countries in the world in production of cotton due to favourable climatic conditions and availability of low cost labour. Climate in Uzbekistan is generally hot which is suitable for cotton growth. Hence Uzbekistan is the worlds 6th largest Cotton producer and 3rd largest Cotton exporter (National Cotton Council of America, 2010). Figure 10: World Cotton Export Rankings (2009) Source: Author Also the country has abundant energy resources. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of Natural gas. Natural gas production was 2,387 billion cubic feet in 2008 ranking it at 14th place in the world. Out of this Uzbekistan exported about 22.20%, i.e. 530 bcf of natural gas (US Energy Information Administration, 2010). Factor Proportion Theory According to this theory different countries have different level of endowment of land, labour and capital. And the factor which is in more abundance will have lower costs than other factors. So the country tends to take advantage of this in the international trade by exporting those products that utilize the abundant factor and importing products that requires utilization of deficient factor. Uzbekistan has the advantage of low cost and skilled labour. It also has relatively low land. The country has very high literacy rate of 99.3% in 2003. There is lack of substantial capital or high level technology present in the country. Therefore Uzbekistans export mainly comprises of agricultural products, mined natural resources, services or low tech industrial products like chemical, plastic etc. Figure 11: Percentage Distribution of Total Exports Source: http://www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/ On the other hand the country is severely lacking in the modern infrastructure and necessary technology or capital required to develop it. Therefore the bulk of its import, almost 50% comprised mainly of machinery and equipments. Figure 12: Percentage Distribution of Total Imports Source: http://www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/ Porters Diamond of National Competitiveness Figure 13: Extended Porters Diamond Model of National Competitiveness Source: Porter (1990) Michael Porter introduced a diamond shaped model to analyze the areas of strength or weakness that gives a country a competitive advantage or disadvantage. This model includes four interconnected key elements: Figure 14: Key elements of Porters Diamond Factor Conditions: Uzbekistan has inconsistent infrastructure development. Main roads in the capital Tashkent and other major cities are relatively maintained outside the cities their conditions are poor. Suppliers have trouble in transporting goods from one place to another. The country has extensive rail network but only 17% is electrified. Although government recently announced big plans to improve both its national highway and rail network. Literacy in the country is very high at 99.3% for 15 years and up. The country also has abundant energy resources. The country is able to almost meet its coal requirement and produces enough natural gas that it manages to export 22% of it. Firm Strategy or Rivalry: Almost all the Industrial firms in the Uzbekistan are government owned and as such there is little to no competition among them. There are only few industries like energy, gold, foodstuff etc. present in the country which have some foreign investment. Most foreign investing companies are only allowed to invest by creating joint venture with state owned company in which the government owns majority stakes. Related and Supporting Industries: One of the most important supporting industry to establish a firm is financial sector which is seriously underdeveloped in Uzbekistan. It is dominated by state-owned banks and lacks competition. The government banks give loans to state owned companies at subsidized rate and for all else the interest rate is very high. Due to this private investors rarely take loans from local credit market. The whole country has access to electricity but the infrastructure is quite old and need modernizations. And as such there are frequent power outages. Demand Conditions: Due to widespread poverty of 76.7% there is not much demand of products apart from basic need like food, clothes, energy needs etc. And in these basic need the country is self-sufficient hence demand never exceeds supply. The government of Uzbekistan is the major importer of goods and services. Most of the imports comprises of equipments in energy, telecommunication and Information Technology hardware and software. Role of Government The government did not liberalise the economy sufficiently enough since freedom. It owns all major companies, strictly regulates foreign trade and follows the policy of import substitution. Monopolistic environment created by state-owned companies stifle the development of private sector. Recommendations for Uzbekistan The following are the recommendations the Uzbekistan government should implement for sustained growth of the country: Improving Business Climate: Government should stop pursuing the policy of import substitution and make it easier for foreign investment to invest in the country. Sustaining Macroeconomic Stability: Need improved macroeconomic policies to control inflation, eliminate restrictions on currency conversion, better regulation of financial sector would help in maintaining high economic growth rates. Boosting Agriculture Productivity: Better agricultural reforms, abolition of state dictated crop production, more power to farmers and investment in modern machinery would raise per capita income and reduce poverty. Improve Accountability and Transparency: The country ranks very poor in Transparency International Index at 174 of 180 nations. Corruption is rampant and Firms are frequently subjected to pay bribes. The government must put efforts in improving transparency for the firms to have any confidence in doing business in the country. Promote Open Competition: Government should end the policy of controlling all industries and creating monopolistic environment. Government should allow free control of industries by private sector. This will create more competition, promote innovation and would improve overall efficiency of the industries and boost economy.

What Do Children Owe Their Parents? Essay -- Sociology, Family, Parent

Every child who has been placed on this earth was made by the choice of their parents, who were given the opportunity to procreate. As children grow up and become adults, their parents become elderly and are unable to take care of themselves. Grown children don’t owe their parents anything, but to have a relationship of honoring their parents with love and respect. Parents are role models who are the important key elements in a child’s development. Your parents were there to give you life, to take care of you and to teach you what is right from wrong. â€Å"I will maintain that parents’ voluntary sacrifices, rather than creating â€Å"debts† to be repaid,† tend to create love or â€Å"friendship† (English 720). Depending how parents treat the child either in a negative or positive way, will determine how the Grown child will treat their elderly parents when they get older. â€Å"The duties of grown children are those of friends and result from love between them and their parents, rather than being things owed in repayment for parents’ earlier sacrifices (English 720). Your parents did you a favor in giving you life and putting you on this earth. This favor they did for you creates your debt. Not a debt to society, but to your parents. A debt is owing something or someone back from which you borrowed or used their services. A child does not owe their parents anything because they never asked to put in this world in Brotherson 2 the first place. As a child grows up to be an adult, they learn from their upbringing and have a chance to be better adults later on in life through introspection. Your parents made sacrifices to have you and to raise you. As an adult it should be a responsibility and a duty to take care of your parents. â€Å" What do grown... ...sed my graduation. prom, and birthdays. In my heart I am glad that she made me because she could’ve aborted me. After all of this I realize that my father was right about my mother. What I noticed is that her anger that is inside her everyday is mostly from my father and what she regrets is not being a mother to me. Today I don’t keep in any form of contact with her. I want her to decision to affect her for the rest of her life. I can’t be in her life if she doesn’t want me in her life. Brotherson 6 Through your parents mistakes you can be better parents in the future to your children. You can do this by being there for your child and making them be responsible adults in the future. Children owe it to themselves to build a life for themselves. Children owe it to themselves to find happiness in life and they owe it to themselves to make the right choices.

Essay on the Devil in Paradise Lost, Holy Bible, Faust, and Devil and T

The Devil’s Role in Paradise Lost,   The Bible,   Faust, and  The Devil and Tom Walker  Ã‚   The devil's role as the inspiration for rock-and-roll is already well documented and commonly understood. Perhaps less well documented is the role of the Devil as inspiration for literature. The Devil has played an active role in literature for quite a while with his name appearing in stories for centuries. The historical devil has not always been personified. Initially, in religious settings, he was represented as a feeling or power, in attendance as the force of evil, an antagonist to goodness and divinity, and temptation for humans. Although not always represented as human, he has always been represented. In fact, demonstrating that he has always been an uneraseable threatening force, early religious accounts show that his existence actually "precedes the worship of a benign and morally good Deity."1 Much later, certainly by the time of the blues of the 1920s and 1930s, songwriters were repeating the tradition of representing the devil as a person. Perhaps the most famous example is Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues," in which the singer describes a dangerous meeting with the devil while hitchhiking. In southern literature, Flannery O'Connor drew from Poe and Hawthorne to illustrate this, as well.2 A few centuries of literary evolution have not only reconfigured the devil, they have shifted the site of his battles from the heavens to the earth. Essentially, his battles changed arenas three times.3 First, the devil battled God in their once-shared home -- the arena of Heaven. After this falling out, the devil and God competed for the hearts of men in parables, as in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The third, mo... ... Rudwin, p. xi: "[W]hen Satan was asked to explain the cause of God's enmity...he replied: 'I wanted to be an author.'" 16 Carus, p. 407. 17 Russell, p. 12. 18 Revard, Stella Purce, The War in Heaven (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), p. 234. 19 Levine, p. 403. 20 Saxon, Lyle and Robert Tallant, Gumbo Ya-Ya (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1987), p. 80. 21 Irving, in Rudwin, p. 31. 22 Werblowski, p. 96. 23 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 154. 24 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 161. 25 Werblowski, p. 219. 26 Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, in Rudwin, p. 222. 27 Thackeray, William Makepeace, in Rudwin, p. 79. 28 Poe, p. 482 29 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 157. 30 Carus, pp. 407. 31 Carus, p. 7. Also, "...there seems to be no exception to the rule that fear is always the first incentive to religious worship." Carus, p. 6. 32 Russell, p. 12. 33 Rudwin, p. xi.

Different Forms Of Ownership

A business that is carried on by a sole proprietorship is owned by one person, who also usually runs and manages the business. There may or may not be people working in the business these are referred to as employees of the business and the owner is the employer. The sole proprietorship receives all profits and is legally required to bear and satisfy all losses personally. The sole proprietorship is personally liable for debts of the business. So that, the sole proprietorship has unlimited liability to repay amounts owing, or debts, of the business.For example, if the business incurs debts resulting from a warranty claim, then the individual will be held responsible for those debts, and any claims will be made against the individual’s personal assets. As well, sole proprietorships are taxed under the personal tax system. The sole proprietorship it is easy to set up and may only require registration of the business name and is free to run the business as he or she thinks best a nd is not answerable to a boss. As for the name of the business, the name of the owner or any other name may be used.Normally, a sole proprietorship business requires a small amount of capital to start with, compared with other forms of business entities. Examples of sole proprietorship businesses are tailor shops, beauty saloons, restaurants, launderettes and mini market. Partnership is an association of two or more persons or entities that carry on business as partners. The partners usually run and manage the business. However, there may be a silent partner who does not take any part in the running of the business even though they have contributed capital to the partnership.In a partnership, each partner is personally liable for all debts incurred by the business; in the event of the firm’s failure, each partner’s personal assets are jeopardized. In the partnership, the partners should have a legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, and what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. There are two basics forms of partnerships, general and limited.In a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability, while in a limited partnership, at least one partner has liability limited only to his or her investment while at least one other partner has full liability. Examples of partnership are law or accounting firms, medical or dental practices In partnership that are many kind of partner, for example: Ostensible Partner: Active and known as a partner. Secret Partner: Active but not known or held out as a partner. Dormant Partner: Inactive and not known or held out as a partner. Silent Partner: Inactive (but may be known to be a partner)Nominal Partner: Not a true partner in any sense, not being a party to the partnership agreement. However, a nominal partner holds him o r herself out as a partner, or permits others to make such representation by the use of his/her name or otherwise A company is a separate legal entity formed under the Corporations Act 2001. Commonly, its owners are called shareholders and their ownership interests are represented by shares in the company. The separate legal status of the company has many implications for the entity. First, the company can enter into contracts, incur debts and pay taxes independently of its owners.The owners pay individual taxes only on the company profit paid out to them in the form of salaries, bonuses and dividends. The shareholders are not liable for the company’s debts once the shares they hold have been paid for in full. For example, if a company issued $1 shares, with 60 cents payable on application and the remaining 40 cents payable by future installments, the shareholders’ liability in the event of the company collapsing would be remaining 40 cents on each share they own. This feature is known as limited liability; that is, their obligation is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares.As a separate legal entity, a company has many of the rights, duties and responsibilities of a natural person. It can, through its agents, buy, own and sell property in its own name and engage in business activities by entering into contracts with others. It has legal status in a court and can sue and be sued, is legally responsible for its liabilities, and must pay income tax just as a natural person does. Different type of business ownership has different type of characteristics, what is the different between each other?The major different characteristics of each other are tax consideration, liability, duration, ease and cost of set up. Tax Consideration The sole proprietorship any income to the business is treated as income to the business owner and all income is reported on individual tax return, and is taxed in the year it is received. Business deductions a re permitted. While in partnership, a Partnership Agreement can allocate the profits or losses in any ratio agreed to between the partners but if there is no Agreement, the profits must be allocated equally.Business deductions are taken by the partnership before the income is distributed to the partners and claimed on their personal tax returns. The profit of a company is taxed to the company when earned, and then is taxed to the shareholders when distributed as dividends. This creates a double tax. The corporation does not get a tax deduction when it distributes dividends to shareholders. Shareholders cannot deduct any loss of the corporation. Liability In Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally responsible for all debts against the business. Their business and personal assets are at risk.In Partnership, partners are liable for all the debts of the business and the full amount of these debts can be collected from one or more of the partners rather than the debt be ing equally shared. Partners can also be held liable for acts committed by one of their partners in the normal course of business. Owners of a Company have the liability protection of a corporation. That is because, the company exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. A company member cannot be held personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee. Ownership interestsOwnership interests in a company may be sold to third parties without disturbing the continued operation of the business. A sole proprietorship or partnership, on the other hand, cannot be sold whole Duration The sole proprietorship remains in existence for as long as the owner is willing or able to stay in business. When the owner dies, the sole proprietorship no longer exists. The assets and liabilities of the business become part of the owner's estate. A sole proprietor can freely transfer a business by selling all or a portion of the assets of the business.In partnership the busin ess organization ends with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner, unless otherwise agreed to in a Partnership Agreement. In company form a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Ease and cost of set up The sole proprietorship and partnership it is easy to set up and may register a trade name to promote its products and services. While in company, a company must be registered with the Registrar of Companies.Company cost more to set up and run than a sole proprietorship or partnership. For example, there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. However, these costs are partially offset by lower insurance costs. Flexible Beside that, a partnership may be relatively more flexible in the decision making process than in a corporation. But, it may be less so than in a sole proprietorship. That is because sole proprietorsh ip management is able to respond quickly to business needs in the form of day to day management decisions as governed by various laws and good sense.Capital Rising A corporation has many avenues to raise capital. It can sell shares of stock and create new types of stock, such as preferred stock, with different voting or profit characteristics. Partnership difficult to rising additional capital but easier than sole proprietorship, that is because, sole proprietorship are the only owner, therefore can’t sell any shares to fund business growth, and banks are more skeptical about lending money to sole proprietorships. There are several advantages to being a sole proprietorship.First, the sole proprietorship entity is a quick, inexpensive and easy form of business to establish, and can be inexpensive to wind down. In this type of business, there are no specific business taxes paid by the company. The owner pays taxes on income from the business as part of personal income tax payme nts. A sole proprietor has complete control and decision-making power over the business, and is therefore free to choose the direction of the business and it strategies and policies.Sale or transfer can take place at the discretion of the sole proprietor. Sole proprietorship can control all the asset and money of business and can take  money out of company for personal use at any time, as long as make sure the business bills are paid. Sole proprietorship is relative freedom from government control. The further advantage is that the owner claims all the profits of the business. There are several disadvantages to being a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship’s business is not a separate legal entity. Therefore, if the business is involved in any form of legal dispute, the individual owner has unlimited liability, which means the sole proprietor of the business can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.Additionally, this risk extends to any liabilities incurred as a result of acts committed by employees of the company. The sole proprietorship relatively limited viewpoint and experience that is because sole proprietorship is limited by the skill, time and investment of the individual owner. Sole proprietorship are unstable business life, the enterprise may be crippled or terminated upon illness or death of the owner. There are several advantages to being a partnership. First, the partnerships are relatively easy to set up however time should be invested in developing the partnership agreement.Partnership files informational tax return. Partnership income is reportable and taxed on partners’ personal income tax returns. The main advantage of a partnership over a sole proprietorship is that the partnership combines the skills, talents, and knowledge of two or more people, and all partners have equal rights in the management of the partnership business The main disadvantages of partnership are partnership is charac terized by unlimited liability. Therefore, the partners are fully responsible for all business debts and obligations, irrespective of their involvement in the entity.The partnership form has a limited life therefore it may end with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner. A great number of partnerships find themselves involved in disputes because of disagreements concerning profit sharing or decision making for the business. Partnership is limited financial therefore it may only borrow money or use partners’ savings. Must be dissolved and reformed to admit additional partners wishing to invest. A further disadvantage is known as mutual agency. Mutual agency is every partner acts as an agent for the partnership and for every other partner.Therefore, a partner can represent the other partners and bind them to a contract if he or she is acting within the apparent scope of the business. Partnership is relative difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital. This is particularly true of long term financing when compared to a corporation. However, by using individual partners' assets, opportunities are probably greater than in a proprietorship. The main advantages of forming a company is the limited liability protection provided to its owners. Because a corporation is considered a separate legal entity, the shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts.The personal assets of shareholders are not at risk for satisfying corporate debts or liabilities. Companies are attractive investment. The built-in stock structure of a corporation makes it attractive to investors. The company form has a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Other advantages of company is taxation, owners of a company only pay taxes on company profits paid to them in the form of salaries, bonuses, and dividends. The company pays taxes, at the company rate, on any profits.Companies also have the ability to raise large amounts of capital through public share offerings. Companies have a set management structure. The owners of a company are shareholders, who elect a Board of Directors, which then elects the officers. Other than the election of directors, shareholders do not participate in the operations of the company. There are several disadvantages to the company form of business structure. First, the company is more expensive and time-consuming to establish. Companies are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.Company set up cost are expansive that is because company have to pay many fees to set up the business there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. Beside that, paperwork is a huge component of the company formalities that must followed. For example, business bank accounts and records must be maintain ed and kept separate from personal accounts and assets. . In company may result in higher overall taxes. C corporations have potential double-tax consequences — once when the company makes its profit, and a second time when dividends are paid to shareholders.S corporations can mitigate this tax issue. Company is disclosure of names of corporate officers and directors. Most states do not require that names of shareholders be a matter of public record; however, many states require that the names and addresses of corporate officers and directors be listed on one or more documents filed with the Secretary of State. The proper corporate formalities of organizing and running a corporation must be followed, to receive the benefits of being a corporation. I preferred form a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship business has many advantages suitable to form in Malaysia.First, a sole proprietorship is the most basic of all forms of business ownerships. Many small businesses are sole proprietorships. Next, a sole proprietorship is easy to establish compare to partnership and company. Sole proprietorship doesn’t have to do anything special or file papers to set one up. Sole proprietorship typically requires few if any legal documents and minimal record keeping. Beside that, sole proprietorship may register a trade name to promote its products and services. The sole proprietorship is not a taxable entity.Income from the organization is simply added to the owner’s personal income to determine taxable income. Sole proprietorship only one person involved in the business therefore it is easy to dissolve if and when the person decides to stop operating as a business. A sole proprietorship is the least expensive type of business structure to establish. There is no need for a lawyer or for an excessive amount of money to be set aside in order to pay a number of fees. Corporations are much more expensive to start up. Therefore, sole proprietorship can be st arted fairly easily with minimal capital requirements. Different Forms of Ownership A business that is carried on by a sole proprietorship is owned by one person, who also usually runs and manages the business. There may or may not be people working in the business these are referred to as employees of the business and the owner is the employer. The sole proprietorship receives all profits and is legally required to bear and satisfy all losses personally. The sole proprietorship is personally liable for debts of the business. So that, the sole proprietorship has unlimited liability to repay amounts owing, or debts, of the business.For example, if the business incurs debts resulting from a warranty claim, then the individual will be held responsible for those debts, and any claims will be made against the individual’s personal assets. As well, sole proprietorships are taxed under the personal tax system. The sole proprietorship it is easy to set up and may only require registration of the business name and is free to run the business as he or she thinks best a nd is not answerable to a boss. As for the name of the business, the name of the owner or any other name may be used.Normally, a sole proprietorship business requires a small amount of capital to start with, compared with other forms of business entities. Examples of sole proprietorship businesses are tailor shops, beauty saloons, restaurants, launderettes and mini market. Partnership is an association of two or more persons or entities that carry on business as partners. The partners usually run and manage the business. However, there may be a silent partner who does not take any part in the running of the business even though they have contributed capital to the partnership.In a partnership, each partner is personally liable for all debts incurred by the business; in the event of the firm’s failure, each partner’s personal assets are jeopardized. In the partnership, the partners should have a legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, and what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. There are two basics forms of partnerships, general and limited.In a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability, while in a limited partnership, at least one partner has liability limited only to his or her investment while at least one other partner has full liability. Examples of partnership are law or accounting firms, medical or dental practices In partnership that are many kind of partner, for example: Ostensible Partner: Active and known as a partner. Secret Partner: Active but not known or held out as a partner. Dormant Partner: Inactive and not known or held out as a partner. Silent Partner: Inactive (but may be known to be a partner)Nominal Partner: Not a true partner in any sense, not being a party to the partnership agreement. However, a nominal partner holds him o r herself out as a partner, or permits others to make such representation by the use of his/her name or otherwise A company is a separate legal entity formed under the Corporations Act 2001. Commonly, its owners are called shareholders and their ownership interests are represented by shares in the company. The separate legal status of the company has many implications for the entity. First, the company can enter into contracts, incur debts and pay taxes independently of its owners.The owners pay individual taxes only on the company profit paid out to them in the form of salaries, bonuses and dividends. The shareholders are not liable for the company’s debts once the shares they hold have been paid for in full. For example, if a company issued $1 shares, with 60 cents payable on application and the remaining 40 cents payable by future installments, the shareholders’ liability in the event of the company collapsing would be remaining 40 cents on each share they own. This feature is known as limited liability; that is, their obligation is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares.As a separate legal entity, a company has many of the rights, duties and responsibilities of a natural person. It can, through its agents, buy, own and sell property in its own name and engage in business activities by entering into contracts with others. It has legal status in a court and can sue and be sued, is legally responsible for its liabilities, and must pay income tax just as a natural person does. Different type of business ownership has different type of characteristics, what is the different between each other?The major different characteristics of each other are tax consideration, liability, duration, ease and cost of set up. Tax Consideration The sole proprietorship any income to the business is treated as income to the business owner and all income is reported on individual tax return, and is taxed in the year it is received. Business deductions a re permitted. While in partnership, a Partnership Agreement can allocate the profits or losses in any ratio agreed to between the partners but if there is no Agreement, the profits must be allocated equally.Business deductions are taken by the partnership before the income is distributed to the partners and claimed on their personal tax returns. The profit of a company is taxed to the company when earned, and then is taxed to the shareholders when distributed as dividends. This creates a double tax. The corporation does not get a tax deduction when it distributes dividends to shareholders. Shareholders cannot deduct any loss of the corporation. Liability In Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally responsible for all debts against the business. Their business and personal assets are at risk.In Partnership, partners are liable for all the debts of the business and the full amount of these debts can be collected from one or more of the partners rather than the debt be ing equally shared. Partners can also be held liable for acts committed by one of their partners in the normal course of business. Owners of a Company have the liability protection of a corporation. That is because, the company exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. A company member cannot be held personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee. Ownership interestsOwnership interests in a company may be sold to third parties without disturbing the continued operation of the business. A sole proprietorship or partnership, on the other hand, cannot be sold whole Duration The sole proprietorship remains in existence for as long as the owner is willing or able to stay in business. When the owner dies, the sole proprietorship no longer exists. The assets and liabilities of the business become part of the owner's estate. A sole proprietor can freely transfer a business by selling all or a portion of the assets of the business.In partnership the busin ess organization ends with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner, unless otherwise agreed to in a Partnership Agreement. In company form a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Ease and cost of set up The sole proprietorship and partnership it is easy to set up and may register a trade name to promote its products and services. While in company, a company must be registered with the Registrar of Companies.Company cost more to set up and run than a sole proprietorship or partnership. For example, there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. However, these costs are partially offset by lower insurance costs. Flexible Beside that, a partnership may be relatively more flexible in the decision making process than in a corporation. But, it may be less so than in a sole proprietorship. That is because sole proprietorsh ip management is able to respond quickly to business needs in the form of day to day management decisions as governed by various laws and good sense.Capital Rising A corporation has many avenues to raise capital. It can sell shares of stock and create new types of stock, such as preferred stock, with different voting or profit characteristics. Partnership difficult to rising additional capital but easier than sole proprietorship, that is because, sole proprietorship are the only owner, therefore can’t sell any shares to fund business growth, and banks are more skeptical about lending money to sole proprietorships. There are several advantages to being a sole proprietorship.First, the sole proprietorship entity is a quick, inexpensive and easy form of business to establish, and can be inexpensive to wind down. In this type of business, there are no specific business taxes paid by the company. The owner pays taxes on income from the business as part of personal income tax payme nts. A sole proprietor has complete control and decision-making power over the business, and is therefore free to choose the direction of the business and it strategies and policies. Sale or transfer can take place at the discretion of the sole proprietor.Sole proprietorship can control all the asset and money of business and can take  money out of company for personal use at any time, as long as make sure the business bills are paid. Sole proprietorship is relative freedom from government control. The further advantage is that the owner claims all the profits of the business. There are several disadvantages to being a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship’s business is not a separate legal entity. Therefore, if the business is involved in any form of legal dispute, the individual owner has unlimited liability, which means the sole proprietor of the business can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.Additionally, this risk extends to any liabilities incurred as a result of acts committed by employees of the company. The sole proprietorship relatively limited viewpoint and experience that is because sole proprietorship is limited by the skill, time and investment of the individual owner. Sole proprietorship are unstable business life, the enterprise may be crippled or terminated upon illness or death of the owner. There are several advantages to being a partnership. First, the partnerships are relatively easy to set up however time should be invested in developing the partnership agreement.Partnership files informational tax return. Partnership income is reportable and taxed on partners’ personal income tax returns. The main advantage of a partnership over a sole proprietorship is that the partnership combines the skills, talents, and knowledge of two or more people, and all partners have equal rights in the management of the partnership business The main disadvantages of partnership are partnership is charac terized by unlimited liability. Therefore, the partners are fully responsible for all business debts and obligations, irrespective of their involvement in the entity.The partnership form has a limited life therefore it may end with death, incapacity, withdrawal or bankruptcy of any partner. A great number of partnerships find themselves involved in disputes because of disagreements concerning profit sharing or decision making for the business. Partnership is limited financial therefore it may only borrow money or use partners’ savings. Must be dissolved and reformed to admit additional partners wishing to invest. A further disadvantage is known as mutual agency. Mutual agency is every partner acts as an agent for the partnership and for every other partner.Therefore, a partner can represent the other partners and bind them to a contract if he or she is acting within the apparent scope of the business. Partnership is relative difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital. This is particularly true of long term financing when compared to a corporation. However, by using individual partners' assets, opportunities are probably greater than in a proprietorship. The main advantages of forming a company is the limited liability protection provided to its owners. Because a corporation is considered a separate legal entity, the shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts.The personal assets of shareholders are not at risk for satisfying corporate debts or liabilities. Companies are attractive investment. The built-in stock structure of a corporation makes it attractive to investors. The company form has a continuity of life, it has the power to exist forever and, therefore, is unaffected by the death of an owner or manager or by the transfer of ownership interests. Other advantages of company is taxation, owners of a company only pay taxes on company profits paid to them in the form of salaries, bonuses, and dividends. The company pays taxes, at the company rate, on any profits.Companies also have the ability to raise large amounts of capital through public share offerings. Companies have a set management structure. The owners of a company are shareholders, who elect a Board of Directors, which then elects the officers. Other than the election of directors, shareholders do not participate in the operations of the company. There are several disadvantages to the company form of business structure. First, the company is more expensive and time-consuming to establish. Companies are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.Company set up cost are expansive that is because company have to pay many fees to set up the business there are the initial formation fees, filing fees and annual state fees. Beside that, paperwork is a huge component of the company formalities that must followed. For example, business bank accounts and records must be maintain ed and kept separate from personal accounts and assets. . In company may result in higher overall taxes. C corporations have potential double-tax consequences — once when the company makes its profit, and a second time when dividends are paid to shareholders.S corporations can mitigate this tax issue. Company is disclosure of names of corporate officers and directors. Most states do not require that names of shareholders be a matter of public record; however, many states require that the names and addresses of corporate officers and directors be listed on one or more documents filed with the Secretary of State. The proper corporate formalities of organizing and running a corporation must be followed, to receive the benefits of being a corporation. I preferred form a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorship business has many advantages suitable to form in Malaysia.First, a sole proprietorship is the most basic of all forms of business ownerships. Many small businesses are sole proprietorships. Next, a sole proprietorship is easy to establish compare to partnership and company. Sole proprietorship doesn’t have to do anything special or file papers to set one up. Sole proprietorship typically requires few if any legal documents and minimal record keeping. Beside that, sole proprietorship may register a trade name to promote its products and services. The sole proprietorship is not a taxable entity.Income from the organization is simply added to the owner’s personal income to determine taxable income. Sole proprietorship only one person involved in the business therefore it is easy to dissolve if and when the person decides to stop operating as a business. A sole proprietorship is the least expensive type of business structure to establish. There is no need for a lawyer or for an excessive amount of money to be set aside in order to pay a number of fees. Corporations are much more expensive to start up. Therefore, sole proprietorship can be st arted fairly easily with minimal capital requirements.